Does smoking affect IVF success
Lung Cancer: Case Study (Edexcel GCSE History: The Thematic & Historic Environment (Paper 1)): Revision Note Exam code: 1HI0 Written by: Zoe Wade Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett Updated on The fight against lung cancer in the 21st century - Summary Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in Britain It affects mostly people aged 7074 There were over 48,000 cases from 20162018 Only 10% survive more than 10 years 85% of lung cancer cases are linked to smoking There are other causes, such as breathing in radon gas In the 19th century , lung cancer was rare (only 1% of tumours) By 1927 , smoking caused lung cancer cases to rise to 14% of all tumours By the 1950s , up to 80% of British men smoked Many tobacco companies created slogans and used celebrities in their adverts Government action came much later in the 21st century, through the NHS Diagnosis of lung cancer Issues with diagnosis Patients can mistake their symptoms for other conditions Cancerous tumours in the lungs are hard to detect before they become very large There is no national screening programme for lung cancer Old methods of diagnosis Relied on taking an X-ray of the patient's lungs for signs of a tumour X-rays did not provide an image with enough detail to accurately diagnose lung cancer Abscesses in the lungs could be mistaken for cancer in an X-ray When the tumour was detected on X-ray, it was usually too late to treat Modern diagnosis of lung cancer Modern diagnosis now requires a patient to have a CT scan A dye is injected to give a clearer image of the lungs If cancer is detected, there are two pathways : PET-CT scan Instead of dye, a small amount of radiation is injected into the patient before the scan A doctor will then look for cancerous cells in the lungs Bronchoscopy A camera called a bronchoscope is inserted into the body through the mouth When it reaches the lungs, the doctor will collect a biopsy of cells for analysis Stages of cancer Cancer is measured in stages between 1 and 4 Stage 1 cancer is small and in one area Stage 4 cancer has spread to other parts of the person's body Process for diagnosing lung cancer Lung cancer screening In 2019, the NHS lung cancer screening initiative was launched This screening: Is only available in some areas Targets people between 55 and 74 Is for current or past smokers Worked Example Describe one feature of diagnosing lung cancer in the 21st century 2 marks Answer: Technology is key to diagnosing lung cancer (1)
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Nicosure, with its Nicotine withdrawal is the body's natural response to the absence of nicotine, a substance that the body becomes dependent on over time
