Scientists observed its ability to shield the brain and improve cognition by [56, 57, 29, 58, 59, 60]: Maximizing energy (ATP) production Boosting mitochondrial health Increasing acetylcholine Scavenging free radicals Preventing brain aging caused by lactate buildup in the brain Based on these effects, acetyl-l-carnitine might also have nootropic effects (improve cognition) regardless of age, though studies havent researched this yet [61, 62]
IV glutathione can be great for addressing more acute conditions or deficiencies, but boosting intracellular glutathione levels in the long term is best addressed with lifestyle changes and a daily glutathione supplement
Kinetic and mechanistic characterization and versatile catalytic properties of mammalian glutaredoxin 2: implications for intracellular roles
Ketamine metabolites are conjugated and excreted in the urine
Glutathione-related enzymes and proteins: a review