The primary preclinical evidence comes from mouse studies showing reduced body weight and adipose mass in diet-induced obese mice (2018), improved grip strength in aged mice (2024), and beneficial microbiome changes when combined with caloric restriction (2022)
Vitamin B12 injections play an essential role in helping your brain to function better and the production of DNA as well as red blood cells, which can be very effective especially to those who live by a vegan or vegetarian diet lifestyle, as their diet does not contain the natural vitamin B12 supplements needed in their foods that they regularly consume
For deficiency correction, weekly injections are often recommended for an initial period, followed by monthly maintenance
The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials
It falls under the S0 category of Non-Approved Substances, which is a catch-all classification for any pharmacological substance that isnt approved for human therapeutic use and is not addressed elsewhere on the list
