GHK-Cu operates through copper-mediated gene modulation, collagen remodeling, and antioxidant upregulation with a focus on extracellular matrix quality and skin/scar tissue architecture
Future efforts should aim to develop precision interventions targeting mitochondrial pathways, supported by robust biomarkers and translational models
Some microRNAs, such as miR-140, play crucial roles in cartilage homeostasis and can also be delivered into cells by cell-penetrating peptides [29,30]
10.1016/j.gene.2019.144272 45 KundimiS.KavungalaK
While IGF-I remains the biomarker that best reflects endogenous GH secretion, when there is a discordancy with GH and IGF-I levels, it is important for the clinician to be mindful of the associated changes in intra-portal insulin delivery to the liver when interpreting these results in the context of health and when deciding treatment regimens in disease states